John Morgan and Pharmacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John Morgan and Pharmacy - Essay Example John Morgan is viewed as the primary instructor and specialist of drug store. He was shown drug store, science of pharmaceutical and material medica to understudies, who were examining clinical. He is notable since he had set out the establishments for isolating drug store from medication (Cowen and Helfand, 102). The primary goal of this partition was to separate the clinical field in to various branches so as to upgrade and improve the whole calling. Thusly, drug store would be developed as a different branch with the goal that it can positively affect medication. Another explanation behind this detachment was that drug store can be improved so it could be rehearsed with exactness and capability. This detachment was fundamental to support people in general (Crellin, and Scott, 200). John Morgan has made a critical and significant effect on present day drug store. He has set up the establishments of drug store and it has now evolved as a different control. After the foundation of drug store as a different control, entryways for proficient drug store have opened. John Morgan is viewed as one of the most noticeable figures in clinical history since he had isolated medication from drug store. This detachment helped proficient drug store to development and create as a different control.

OBE Workplace Diversity

A synopsis of the paper shows that the discussion centers around the effect of executing a decent variety preparing system to battle working environment discrimination.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on OBE Workplace Diversity explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations actualize assorted variety preparing programs as a bit of hindsight when they have lost instances of representative segregation. The paper talks about the favorable circumstances, inconveniences, and the functional ramifications of the assorted variety preparing program utilizing extraordinary and commonsense models. The upsides of work environment decent variety programs incorporate the capacity to change people to enhance their insight, react to social needs, improve intra-gathering and relational connections, address individual preference, evade drive the board, practice individual responsibility, improve critical thinking capacities, become a superior workforce, plan well, and accomplish more noteworthy degrees of intricacy for the association to accomplish upper hand in its tasks (Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter Ng 2001). As per DeFour, David, Diaz and Thompkins (2003, p.34), the weaknesses of the assorted variety preparing program incorporate the people’s poor points of view on culture and decent variety, which builds generalizing and cultivates sentiments of prejudice among representatives. As indicated by Zeidner, Matthews and Roberts (2004, p.45), the scholarly point of view of the discussion from the side of worker depends on the heterogeneity and character of a differing workforce, which from a useful viewpoint is affected by the conduct and communications among authoritative representatives. The supporting variables incorporate authority, similar qualities, socioeconomics, authoritative culture, near mentalities, clashes, singular brain research, and social brain research and their effect on work environment separation. Embracing the decent variety preparing system could affect the methodology associations use to hold a pool of gifted workers, their enlistment and maintenance capacities and the impact on advancement, procedure achievement, and individual complexity.Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here, the manager’s point of view depends on the perspectives by Salin (2003, p.1213), Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee and Podsakoff (2003, p. 900), and Mavin and Girling (2000, p.430) who contend that the job of the director is to execute projects to enable individuals with the correct mentalities and information at authoritative, gathering, and individual levels to battle and conquer work environment separation. As indicated by Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter and Ng (2001, p. 435), the following point of view is moored on the authoritative reaction to the effect of the legitimate and world of politi cs, which present decent variety preparing programs when they have lost bodies of evidence against segregation. Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter and Ng (2001, p. 435) contend that chiefs center around the assorted variety preparing programs as the most dependable decent variety the executives apparatus. Associations center around hierarchical capacity, sexual orientation, subjective style, and character to improve the observations and conduct of representative towards one another and to make them adapt to working environment decent variety. In any case, Chiaburu and Harrison (2008, p.1090) bolster rivals to the two viewpoints by contending that assorted variety preparing probably won't be extremely helpful, however are portals of expanding separation at the work environment. Chiaburu and Harrison (2008, p.1091) bolster the situation with useful models by certifying that when such a program was presented in one association, the quantity of white ladies advanced expanded and that of d ark ladies downgraded expanded. In another association, understudies demonstrated progressively inclination towards more established individuals, which made more individuals to grow sick emotions towards their partners and an expansion in social decent variety and generalizing was noted. From the discussion, it is suggested that associations can actualize work environment decent variety programs as the best way to deal with defeat generalizing by deliberately coordinating the program into the way of life of the organisation.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on OBE Workplace Diversity explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Chiaburu, DS Harrison, DA 2008, ‘Do peers make the spot? Theoretical union and meta-examination of associate impacts on observations, perspectives, OCBs, and performance’. Diary of Applied Psychology, vol. 5, no. 93, pp. 1082-1098. Colquitt, JA, Conlon, D E, Wesson, MJ, Porter, CO Ng, KY 2001, ‘Justice at the thousand years: a meta-logical audit of 25 years of hierarchical equity research’, Journal of applied brain research, vol. 3, no. 86, pp. 425-450 DeFour, DC, David, G, Diaz, FJ Thompkins, S 2003, ‘The interface of race, sex, sexual direction, and ethnicity in understanding sexual harassment’, Academic and work environment lewd behavior: A handbook of social, sociology, the executives, and legitimate viewpoints, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 31-45. Mavin, S Girling, G 2000, ‘What is overseeing decent variety and for what reason does it matter?’, Human Resource Development International, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 419-433. Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Lee, JY Podsakoff, NP 2003, ‘Common technique inclinations in social research: a basic survey of the writing and suggested remedies’, Journal of applied brain science, vol. 5, no. 88, pp. 879-900 Salin, D 2003, Ways of clarifying work environment harassing: An audit of empowering, inspiring and acceleratin g structures and procedures in the workplace. Human relations, vol. 10, no. 56, pp. 1213-1232. Zeidner, M, Matthews, G Roberts, RD 2004, ‘Emotional knowledge in the work environment: A basic review’, Applied Psychology, vol. 3, no. 53, pp. 371-399.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This report on OBE Workplace Diversity was composed and presented by client Galilea B. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

How to Use Google Trends

How to Use Google Trends WHAT GOOGLE TRENDS DOESGoogle Trends works as a simple version of Google’s analytics tools. Its primary function is to gather and compare the searches that people make all over the world. The data is then broken down into different categories. It can also be viewed through different filters. The only information you need to use Google Trends are the keywords that you incorporate into your own marketing strategy. All you need to do is enter these terms into Google Trends’ search box. From there you will be able to choose the appropriate filter required to get the data you need. The following list contains all of the different ways that you can view Google’s analytic information on Google Trends.Keyword Trends: Google Trends helps researchers understand keyword trends. You can enter up to five search terms at a time in each search. Google Trends will then respond with a graph showing you how popular each term is. This features helps you understand the kind of language used by you r target audience.Seasonal Trends: The seasonal trends graphs are ideal for those planning an editorial calendar. Anyone who creates content for the Internet knows that it is best to create content that will fit in with what their customers are interested in seasonally. This is an essential tool for publishing content that is topical for your target audience. When the content is topical, consumers are more likely to engage.Regional Trends: Viewing the regional trends for each search term helps prevent you from making inaccurate assumptions about your target audience’s interests. Instead of making broad assumptions about a large audience, you can use this tool to see how and when each search term is used in geographic locations. You can get a comparative view of these regional trends across several countries or even across specific US states.Related Trends: Google Trends also offers users the ability to view related trends. This feature is another great tool to see what different k inds of languages your audience uses. This allows you to cast a broader net and include search terms that are relevant to your own primary keywords.Top Trends: Google will also display the trends according to their prevalence. You can enter a search term to see where it ranks in overall searches. You can also simply view the top searches category to see the overall top searches on Google.Rising Trends: Google also categorizes keywords according to how quickly they grow. You can enter a search term and Google will present you with a graph showing you how much growth it achieved during the time period you selected. The growth is demonstrated in percentages. If the search term has recently exploded in popularity, Google will suggest that it is a “breakout” keyword.Local Trends: Google will automatically show you a global search history when you enter a search term into Google Trends. While this information is valuable in that it establishes that you are using the right keywords, it is not very interesting. To get real information about your local area or another small demographic, you can use Google Trends to zoom in on both towns and metropolitan areas. This enables small businesses to see real data about what people in their area are searching for.Hot Searches: Hot searches keep you up to date with what people in a certain geographic area are searching for. This is a great way to see what current events people are engaging with. You can view these searches by country. Google will also give you a rough estimate of the number of searches the subject received.Top Charts: Every year, Google publishes a list of the top searches that people performed on Google’s search engine. These lists can be viewed through global filters or by country. The lists include top searches in general as well as the top searches for people, athletes, news electronics and YouTube videos.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN GENERALYou can use Google Trends to complete a wide variety of market ing research. One of the best ways to use Google Trends is to improve your SEO efforts. You can also use the research to help drive relevant content creation that your target audience will engage with. Using Google Trends is incredibly easy and the information is presented in a visual and engaging manner. There are only four basic steps to reaching data that will help you drive your current marketing strategy as well as your future strategies.1. Track the keywords closest to youTo make the keyword research relevant, you need to search for both your ideal keywords and any keywords that are close to your keywords. To do this, you can track the keywords that are already used in your SEO marketing campaign. If you can’t think of more than a few alternative keywords, you may want to try using services like Keyword Tool. Keyword Tool will suggest several different terms that will be near to your original keyword. Using more than a couple of search terms will help your research be more i nclusive and therefore more valuable.For example, if your main keyword is “car”, you would also want to search for the word “automobile”. You can enter and compare both the related search terms to see which one is most relevant in your area and market. Google Trends will help you confirm keywords already in use and help suggest new keywords.2. Compare several related termsComparing the way people engage with your search terms is one of the greatest benefits of Google Trends. You can enter up to five terms at one time in the search box. You can then view how people in different areas interact with the words. You can also see how people have interacted with these searches over time.Comparing several related terms is easy and a great way to confirm your current keywords or add new ones. The first thing that you must do is enter a single search term and choose a filter. You will then be able to see the performance of the term from the perspective of the filter. Then, you can cho ose to add a keyword. Google will automatically integrate the chart of the first keyword with a new chart for the second keyword. This is a great way to really compare how keywords perform against each other.3. Read the peaks and troughs to understand the dataAnalyzing the data provided by Google Trends is a crucial element of using the data. If you can identify the peaks and lulls in Google’s charts you will be well on your way to implementing the data into your own marketing strategy. These graphs will often demonstrate significant events within an industry.Many industries will be seasonal. This means that more people will be searching for these keywords at certain times of the year. You will be able to establish when the keyword is popular by noticing the peaks in the graphs.You can also analyze these peaks to examine any events. Certain events can cause people to search for a keyword more often than they normally would. One tool that Google Trends offers to firmly establish th e presence of an event is the integration of news headlines. This feature will insert any significant news headlines that appeared during the peak.The search term Harper Lee is a great example. The novelist has received a steady stream of searches throughout the past ten years. However, this steady graph has been punctuated by small and large peaks. The massive peaks in 2015 demonstrate interest in her second book, Go Set a Watchman. This demonstrates a significant event.4. Use the Forecast function to predict where your industry will goGoogle Trends also offers a forecast tool that can provide insight into initial research. The forecast tool will demonstrate Google’s predictions for the future by extending the graph. The predictions are made based on past data. The function does not provide a complete picture and cannot predict all events. However, it can give you a basic idea of how your search terms will be used in an average year.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN MARKETING Google Trends is a tool created by Google that allows users to see how popular specific keywords or subjects are over a period of time. Users can enter a term, a keyword or a subject into the search box and see how often the word is used and where it is used. The results are demonstrated through graphs so that users can easily view the distribution of changes in keywords. Essentially, Google Trends is a less sophisticated and easier to read version of Google Insights for Search.Google Trends has become an essential tool for researchers, planners and marketers. It is a great way to track behavior on the world’s most popular website. There are a variety of useful ways that marketers can use Google Trends. From monitoring their own brand to checking out the competition, Google Trends can give you the opportunity to evaluate your past and present relevance in its search engine. In this article, you will learn about 1) what Google Trends does, 2) how to use Google Trends in general, and 3) how to use Google Trends in marketing.WHAT GOOGLE TRENDS DOESGoogle Trends works as a simple version of Google’s analytics tools. Its primary function is to gather and compare the searches that people make all over the world. The data is then broken down into different categories. It can also be viewed through different filters. The only information you need to use Google Trends are the keywords that you incorporate into your own marketing strategy. All you need to do is enter these terms into Google Trends’ search box. From there you will be able to choose the appropriate filter required to get the data you need. The following list contains all of the different ways that you can view Google’s analytic information on Google Trends.Keyword Trends: Google Trends helps researchers understand keyword trends. You can enter up to five search terms at a time in each search. Google Trends will then respond with a graph showing you how popular each term is. This features helps you understand the kind of language used by your target audience.Seasonal Trends: The seasonal trends graphs are ideal for those planning an editorial calendar. Anyone who creates content for the Internet knows that it is best to create content that will fit in with what their customers are interested in seasonally. This is an essential tool for publishing content that is topical for your target audience. When the content is topical, consumers are more likely to engage.Regional Trends: Viewing the regional trends for each search term helps prevent you from making inaccurate assumptions about your target audience’s interests. Instead of making broad assumptions about a large audience, you can use this tool to see how and when each search term is used in geographic locations. You can get a comparative view of these regional trends across several countries or even across specific U S states.Related Trends: Google Trends also offers users the ability to view related trends. This feature is another great tool to see what different kinds of languages your audience uses. This allows you to cast a broader net and include search terms that are relevant to your own primary keywords.Top Trends: Google will also display the trends according to their prevalence. You can enter a search term to see where it ranks in overall searches. You can also simply view the top searches category to see the overall top searches on Google.Rising Trends: Google also categorizes keywords according to how quickly they grow. You can enter a search term and Google will present you with a graph showing you how much growth it achieved during the time period you selected. The growth is demonstrated in percentages. If the search term has recently exploded in popularity, Google will suggest that it is a “breakout” keyword.Local Trends: Google will automatically show you a global search histo ry when you enter a search term into Google Trends. While this information is valuable in that it establishes that you are using the right keywords, it is not very interesting. To get real information about your local area or another small demographic, you can use Google Trends to zoom in on both towns and metropolitan areas. This enables small businesses to see real data about what people in their area are searching for.Hot Searches: Hot searches keep you up to date with what people in a certain geographic area are searching for. This is a great way to see what current events people are engaging with. You can view these searches by country. Google will also give you a rough estimate of the number of searches the subject received.Top Charts: Every year, Google publishes a list of the top searches that people performed on Google’s search engine. These lists can be viewed through global filters or by country. The lists include top searches in general as well as the top searches for people, athletes, news electronics and YouTube videos.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN GENERALYou can use Google Trends to complete a wide variety of marketing research. One of the best ways to use Google Trends is to improve your SEO efforts. You can also use the research to help drive relevant content creation that your target audience will engage with. Using Google Trends is incredibly easy and the information is presented in a visual and engaging manner. There are only four basic steps to reaching data that will help you drive your current marketing strategy as well as your future strategies.1. Track the keywords closest to youTo make the keyword research relevant, you need to search for both your ideal keywords and any keywords that are close to your keywords. To do this, you can track the keywords that are already used in your SEO marketing campaign. If you can’t think of more than a few alternative keywords, you may want to try using services like Keyword Tool. Keyword Tool will suggest several different terms that will be near to your original keyword. Using more than a couple of search terms will help your research be more inclusive and therefore more valuable.For example, if your main keyword is “car”, you would also want to search for the word “automobile”. You can enter and compare both the related search terms to see which one is most relevant in your area and market. Google Trends will help you confirm keywords already in use and help suggest new keywords.2. Compare several related termsComparing the way people engage with your search terms is one of the greatest benefits of Google Trends. You can enter up to five terms at one time in the search box. You can then view how people in different areas interact with the words. You can also see how people have interacted with these searches over time.Comparing several related terms is easy and a great way to confirm your current keywords or add new ones. The first thing that you must do is enter a single search term and choose a filter. You will then be able to see the performance of the term from the perspective of the filter. Then, you can choose to add a keyword. Google will automatically integrate the chart of the first keyword with a new chart for the second keyword. This is a great way to really compare how keywords perform against each other.3. Read the peaks and troughs to understand the dataAnalyzing the data provided by Google Trends is a crucial element of using the data. If you can identify the peaks and lulls in Google’s charts you will be well on your way to implementing the data into your own marketing strategy. These graphs will often demonstrate significant events within an industry.Many industries will be seasonal. This means that more people will be searching for these keywords at certain times of the year. You will be able to establish when the keyword is popular by noticing the peaks in the graphs.You can also analyze these peaks to examine any events. Certain events can cause people to search for a keyword more often than they normally would. One tool that Google Trends offers to firmly establish the presence of an event is the integration of news headlines. This feature will insert any significant news headlines that appeared during the peak.The search term Harper Lee is a great example. The novelist has received a steady stream of searches throughout the past ten years. However, this steady graph has been punctuated by small and large peaks. The massive peaks in 2015 demonstrate interest in her second book, Go Set a Watchman. This demonstrates a significant event.4. Use the Forecast function to predict where your industry will goGoogle Trends also offers a forecast tool that can provide insight into initial research. The forecast tool will demonstrate Google’s predictions for the future by extending the graph. The predictions are made based on past data. The function does not provide a complete picture and cannot predict all events. However, it can give you a basic idea of how your search terms will be used in an average year.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN MARKETINGGoogle Trends is a great tool for marketing. It requires more detective work than Google Analytics; however, it is an easy to use and free option for doing basic research. The results you encounter on Google Trends may justify deeper research into a specific area. You can use Google Trends to discover basic data about your brand, your market share, your industry and your competition.1. Check out your brand market shareGoogle Trends offers you the opportunity to delve into your brand market share. When you compare yourself to other brands in your industry, you will get a better picture where your brand stands among its peers. All you need to do is enter your own brand into the search term and then add on any competitive brands in your market.This is a great way to see how you compare to other brands in your industry over time. You can break the data down by viewing the annual trends and interest in each brand over time. You can also view regional interest for the industry.You can also use the news headlines and forecast features for this industry. The news headlines function can be very powerful when viewing market share. Peaks in a brand’s search terms are not always positive and can instead be driven by bad press and scandal.2. Monitor your brandMonitoring your brand is similar to examining your market share. When you monitor your brand, you should be looking out for active ways that you can improve your market share and positively increase your brand presence.You can use Google Trends to examine and update your keywords. Keywords should be regularly examined because as new brands or services enter the market place, an audience’s language may adjust with the market.You can also use the analysis from Google Trend’s to update your brand message. You can track whether your advertising campaigns are resonating with cus tomers by correlating the release of print and media advertising with the corresponding dates on the graphs.3. Understand you competitorsThe freedom of Google Trends allows you to monitor both your own brand and your competitors. You can learn a lot from your competitor’s graphs. If they are doing well, you can do research to learn more about how their peaks are created. If they are doing poorly, you can learn what to avoid and understand how to adapt your own strategy to minimize your own lulls.4. Pay attention to industry shiftsGoogle Trends offers you the chance to view up to the minute data as well as data from as far back as 2004. All of this data offers you an excellent opportunity to pay attention to and respond to shifts within your industry.You will always begin by analyzing the peaks and lulls of each graph. You should then investigate further into each event to find the underlying causes of each change in the graph. You can acknowledge room for natural fluctuation in th e market; however, drastic changes are usually the result of a catalyst.If you find that your industry is showing a steady decline on Google Trends, you should investigate further. Google Trends is not necessarily a reflection of the health of a particular business or industry but it can demonstrate a certain amount of vitality.When you are exploring shifts in the industry, make sure that you also search for related industries and related keywords. It may be that it is the language that has shifted and you need to fine tune your keywords to regain popularity in search trends.5. Add Google’s graphs to your websiteGoogle has made it easy to incorporate the analytics provided by Google Trends into your website. If you write a creative content, SEO or other marketing blog, this is a great service. These graphs serve as a visual aid that is very useful when you are discussing data.Use the Embed button to post it on your site. You will also have the option to adjust the dimensions of th e graphs.6. Create relevant contentCreating a wealth of relevant content is the new key to climbing up the Google ranking systems. Using Google Trends is a great way to get insight into what content is relevant on Google. The goal is to create that which is both relevant and topical so that users will engage with it.Relevance and timeliness are essential for today’s content. If you create content that was relevant last week but has been forgotten by the time you publish it, it is like you have not created content at all. At best, it will look as though you are beating a dead horse or telling a worn-out joke. Google Trends can help you be certain that people in your industry or geographical area are still talking about the subject so that you can actively engage in the conversation.7. Create a content calendarThe creation of a content calendar is an essential part of producing content for the Internet. It will aid you in making sure that your content is both relevant and consistent . Overall, it is a great practice for the creative process because it will help keep the voice of the website unified by keeping everyone on the same page.Your creative team should have two editorial calendars. There should be a master calendar that keeps track of the overall goal for the year by including key dates and planned content.You should also include a calendar that is used for short-term or specific content and brand activities.Google Trends can aid you in the creation of a content calendar. It will help demonstrate the seasonality of your proposed content ideas and demonstrate cyclical patterns so that you can take advantage of the peak seasons.Google Trends is an essential tool for today’s marketers and content creators. It offers up-to-date research into what users search for on Google. On its own, it can provide you with the data you need to create valuable content for your website. It can also help you determine the health of your brand’s keywords. Whether you wan t to cite popular content or check up on your competitors, Google Trends provides a great starting point for further research.

The Need For Priority Direction . The Australian Research

The need for priority direction The Australian Research Alliance for Children Youth imitated the Nest action agenda and established ‘improving the physical health of young Australians’ as one of the six priority directions (ARACY 2014), aiming to achieve good physical health for all children. Many health conditions are associated with early childhood (Patton Viner 2007). During children’s development, the bodies undergo dramatic physical changes. Puberty that initiates the peaks in neural and hormonal changes, accompanied by the brain maturation and physical growth, provides opportunities and challenges for children and adolescents transiting into healthy young adults (Patton Viner 2007). Physical health is also inter-related with†¦show more content†¦The uncovered disadvantages and vulnerability of the Indigenous young people suggest a priority needs to address this population’s physical health. Furthermore, as good physical health not only has the on-going impacts across young Indigenous Australians’ lifespans, but also lays a significant foundation to the population health and the success for future public health (Sawyer et al. 2012). Addressing Indigenous young people’s physical health is crucial in achieving the public health agenda. Australian Indigenous children are assets of Australia, improving Indigenous children’s physical health would bring health, social and economic benefits in the current and future generations (Patton et al. 2016). Failure to address young population’s health would further widen the social inequity and jeopardise human rights, resulting in social instability (Resnick et al. 2012). These concerns urge government to establish improving Indigenous young Australians’ physical health as a priority direction. The selected determinates of Indigenous young Australians’ physical health Colonisation A wide range of determinates, such as discrimination, nutrition and education have significant impact on Indigenous young Australians’ physical health. However, and further, the causes of health disparities are linked to the unique Indigenous culture that influenced by the history of colonisation. Colonisation led to the loss of land, the loss of the habitats of the local food sources uponShow MoreRelatedAustralian Cattle s Assignment : Trade Patterns Of Australia1715 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian Cattle’s Assignment Trade patterns of Australia Trade pattern means a country’s trades of goods and services with other countries, in certain directions. Although Australia is not playing a big role on the stage of global economy, trade is crucial to the geographically isolated continent. The percentages of export and import product are equal which around 20 percent of domestic productions. 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Why We Have Factory Farming, and How to End It

Factory farming is defined as the extreme confinement of livestock for commercial use. This agricultural technique was invented by scientists in the 1960s in an effort to maximize efficiency and production so that farms could manage a growing population and higher demand for meat. It was designed to use as little space as possible, require less maintenance, and allow farmers to manage their animals quickly. Opposition Many people wonder why factory farming is still in effect. It probably comes as no surprise that a method that has been around for decades might not seem like the best answer anymore. Many ask what purpose this controversial technique serves. Animal rights activists protest factory farming for several reasons. They continue to demand freedom and comfort for the livestock on factory farms and for farmers to cease the use of synthetic hormones. These protestors also argue that the mistreatment and slaughter of animals for human consumption is inhumane and morally wrong. Environmentalists also take issue with factory farms for their negative impact on the earth. These farms release huge amounts of methane gas and waste into the land, air, and sea and their emissions are not closely monitored. There are plenty of people who oppose the goliath factory farms, so why is factory farming still around? Why Factory Farming Is Still Around The answer is simple: scientists, economists, and farmers agree that factory farming is still the only way to keep up. The fact of the matter is that, while the demand for commercially produced, affordable meat may be decreasing, it is still high, primarily because there are more people on the planet than ever before. Consumer awareness regarding the consumption of animal products is on the rise and thousands have been convinced to stop eating meat, but vegetarians and vegans are far outnumbered by the millions of people that make meat-eating a part of their daily routine. Aside from the fact that people just like meat, there are a number of logistical reasons for keeping this old technique alive. Logistics There are countless alternatives to factory farming available, but there are a few reasons that they are not being executed on a larger scale. Organic and free-range farming is often high maintenance and costly. Allowing cows, pigs, and chickens to roam free requires much more land, water, food, labor, and other resources than factory farming. Roaming animals consume more in general than feedlot animals because they are expending energy through exercise. Their frequent movement also makes them susceptible to changes in their fat and muscle makeup, which need to be closely monitored in order to keep the animals suitable for human consumption. Grass-fed and pasture-raised animals present similar issues. Animals on a grass diet gain weight slower than they would if they were eating a manufactured, concentrated feed designed to encourage speedy maturation. Their bodies are even more prone to frequent changes with as much ground as they tend to cover in a day. Furthermore, rounding up and transporting roaming animals requires manpower, time, and fuel. With an estimated 7.5 billion hungry mouths to feed as of 2019, many non-commercial farming methods are not feasible for satisfying consumer demand. Large livestock farms desire high production and low cost above all else, and alternatives to factory farming are unappealing because they significantly decrease efficiency and profit. Possible Solutions Those in favor of and those opposed to factory farming might be able to find some common ground somewhere in between eating commercially raised meat daily and becoming vegan. Many impassioned activists have proposed that everyone should transition to veganism and stop the production of meat altogether, but this is just not an option for everybody. Meat and dairy are excellent sources of protein and most people rely on animal products for part or most of their diet. In addition, vegan alternatives on the market carry a price tag that is well out of reach for many, making the consumption of animal products non-negotiable for the vast majority of the population. What You Can Do There are a few practices that you can adopt to help mitigate the problems that factory farming presents. By making intentional choices about where your food is coming from and how you interact with the planet, you can make positive change without having to sacrifice your entire lifestyle. Purchase Meat Locally By purchasing meat from small, local farms, you can know more about how it gets to your table. If mistreatment of animals and a high carbon footprint are problematic for you, steer clear of factory farms and opt instead for sustainable farms where you can ask questions about how animals are raised and how waste is disposed of. Reduce Your Intake of Unsustainable Meats If youre willing to cut back on meat in your diet, prioritize eliminating meats that are the most harmful to the environment. Lamb, beef, and pork do the most damage to the planet through their production, manufacturing, and transport. The most environmentally-friendly choice of meat is poultry, with chicken being the most sustainable option of them all. Be Kinder to the Environment You can make other eco-friendly choices that arent even related to eating meat. Taking up practices like recycling and composting can make a positive difference and you should use reusable products whenever you can. You can also try carpooling or public transportation to reduce your own carbon emissions.

Business Ethics Reflection Free Essays

When one is faced with ethical dilemmas he or she needs to look at the situation as a whole and determine what the outcome of the situation would be and to whom it may effect. As I remember facing a dilemma when asked to write this paper what came to mind was haven to decide how I was going to confront a fellow employee on knowing that she was stealing money and that she was abusing our friendship by coming into work late on a regular basis. She was a single mom of one and was struggling to make ends meet but that gave her no right to steal from the company and do not make it right to take advantage of our friendship. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now My dilemma was that of having to report her. This person took advantage of our friendship while working together and to me that makes it harder at times to report a person to those of authority. I looked at her situation but that did not make me change my mind to report her. First, I made sure that it was her taking the money and I monitored the money for a week to determine about how much she was taking from the register so that I was able to have something to follow up on when I reported her. I then went to my supervisor and reported the incident and asked that we both sit down and talk to her and explain what we know and how we know of her stealing money from the register. After the sit down with this employee we let her know that there were consequences of her actions and that she was going to have to be let go from the company. We could have pressed charges against her but we chose not to since the amount of money was not a large amount. The moral issue in this dilemma is that of a person taking advantage of one’s friendship and that of losing a close friend. This person put our being friends on the line and looked at our friendship as it was okay to take the money and that nothing would happen to her since we were friends. The issue I had to face here was that of our friendship and how it would affect our families and then I had the obligation of being the office manager of reporting her since I was the one in charge of the office and responsible of what goes on in there. I as the office manager had to make my priorities to the company since her taking money could possible affect business. Yes, the money was not a large amount but after taking money for a number of days or weeks it could potentially affect profits. This person to me did not value our friendship by doing what she did because if she had she would have not put me in that situation in the first place. She did not value our friendship and she did not value her job and not to mention the position that she had put me in. Also she did not value the job that she had and put her family in harm by possibly being sent to jail for stealing. To me she did not think that she had to follow the rules of the company and that she even though she did get caught was sorry but was she sorry for getting caught or was she sorry she was losing her means of getting extra money? I am not as close to this person anymore because if she could do that then who’s to say she would not try to steal from me and my family? Social pressure does affect how people put themselves in certain situations when it comes to business. This person used her struggling to raise a child on her own to think that it was alright to steal money to make ends meet. Instead of going to the boss and asking for extra hours or even a raise to make more money she decided to take it in to her own hands and to steal money. With how expensive it is now-a-days to make ends meet people do things that they would not normally do such as stealing but that does not make them morally right. If I were to be faced with this type of situation again I think I would have done the same thing and reported it to the proper authorities. I would not want to put my job on the line to make sure a friendship stayed intact. I would have probably try to see warning signs and ask that person if there was anything I could do to help out or try to get that person more hours at work. I work from home so right now I am not put in situations such as that but thinking back I would most definitely take the same actions. I would also make sure not to work closely with good friends so that I am not put in such a situation. Keeping a working relationship but not one of a social relationship outside of work will help to keep me from having to be put in the type of dilemma. How to cite Business Ethics Reflection, Papers

Religion vs Science Essay Example For Students

Religion vs Science Essay This paper will examine the scientific view verse religion. I feel their support for the big picture is shallow and untenable. I believe in science but I also have faith. Scientific research has lead to dramatic and more humane treatments of persons suffering from mental disease, depression, and physical injury. The reputation of scientists has reached an all-time high.Majority of Americans have said they trust the scientific community more than almost anyone, including the Supreme Court, organized religion, Congress, teachers and the U.S. military. Many of these Americans believe that these scientific advances are leading them to a better world. The questions: What is man? What am I to do? What am I to hope for? A number of scientists and their fans seem to consider these questions to be the clearest manifestations of the human spirit or our nescient childhood. The scientists said â€Å" Now that we are scientists, we can put away childish things, including the concepts of God, the human soul and the moral responsibility.†An advocate of this view, M.I.T. Professor Steven Pinker, argues that science is itself an evolutionary development of the brain. He claims the mind evolved to provide just experimental accounts of the world. He believes that questions of religion and philosophy about the meaning of the world and human existence, are not truly meaningful ones. Pinker said, â€Å" religion and philosophy are but the primitive responses to the unknown.† (Common Wealth p15) There are alternative theories that involve science and religion. For example, Raymo’s â€Å"new creation story.† According to this story, nature did its own creating through unintelligent material processes, particularly the Darwinian mechanism of random mutation and natural selection. He believes that God was only involved in the beginning, in setting up the laws and thereafter nature runs by itself.Raymo viewed humans as the universe becoming conscious of itself through evolution, while prayer consists of miracles, and giving praise and thanksgiving to nature. (National Review p32)Scientists begin to worship their own concepts, proclaiming limitless philosophical systems rather than concentrating on what the data is really showing. Scientists cannot prove that known natural forces can produce complex biological organisms. No one has demonstrated that chemical evolution cannot even begin to account for the information content of the simplest organisms. There is no actual evidence of natural selection having substantial creative power.The only examples available are those of variations in fundamentally sta ble populations. In scientific perspective, molecular revolution has revealed an unforeseen domain of complexity and interaction more consistent with technology than with the mechanical viewpoint. Scientist have come to realize that cells thoroughly protect themselves against the kinds of accidental genetic change that, according to conventional theory, are the sources of evolutionary variability. The current knowledge of genetic change is fundamentally at variance with hypothesis held by neo-Darwinists. Everyone is in search of the their truth. Understanding, the very rich and varied world, in which we live, the need for these insights of both science and religion are necessary. Each is in search of the truth however; they survey different aspects of experience. According to J. Polkingborne, â€Å"scientific facts are never plain, unvarnished observations; to be interesting they must already be interpreted.† That interpretation requires an interweaving of fact and opinion. Religion on the other hand, is concerned with the search for motivated belief. Faith does not involve closing your eyes and believing impossible thing because some unquestionable authority tells them to do so. It is the quest for an understanding of human experience rooted in worship, hope and the history of holiness represented by the great religious figures of world history. .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a , .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .postImageUrl , .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a , .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:hover , .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:visited , .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:active { border:0!important; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:active , .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8d5801827812ff7a01e1d3b150f1fa1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Three Colonial Regions EssayScience limits itself to treating the world as an object, which can be manipulated and put to the experimental test. Religion is concerned with personal encounters, which can only be treated as their own reality. The scientific testing has to give way to trusting in the unforeseen. There are many questions, which arise from science but which go beyond its narrow power to answer, which seem to many of us to point in a religious direction. Scientists are extremely impressed by the wonderful rational beauty of the physical world as it becomes revealed through their investigations. Science is possible because the universe is a creation, and we are made in the image of the creator. (Omni p4)Body-soul dualism resides as the core of our culture. The majority of Americans believe the in an immaterial self that comes into the being whole and entire conception and survives the physical erosion of the body. It is extremely enjoyable to believe that we reside at the link of a chain of material creation. Science instead offers, a speck of self, formed from cosmic dust in a meaningless world. (3) Science is not going to go away. It is far too fruitful a way of knowing to be denied by human curiosity. Even if driven underground from its established position, it will survive. There is little chance that science will be suppressed by the dominant culture; it is way to useful. Who is prepared to turn over their medical and technological establishments to revivalists. The source of our intellectual malaise is not science but our lingering commitment to a philosophical dualism that has proven to be scientifically insolvent; therefore, the tension between our way of knowing and our way of believing. Scientific truth says there is no such thing as a disembodied self. Human bodies are a mess of chemicals and our minds are full of electrical circuits. Scientists have examined the human machine and found no ghosts. They understand the genetic self is determined by a chemical code that can be read and amended. Soon, genetic engineers will be able to add or subtract features from our physical selves. Consciousness can be turned on and off or altered chemically. Memories can be jogged electrically. (11) Many of us were raised to believe in a self that only resides temporarily in our physical frame. We were taught the idea that our soul survives our body’s death and lives forever. This idea of immaterial, immortal self is among the most cherished of human beliefs. We strive and cling for this belief, desperately wanting it to be true. Science and religion are very important aspects of our culture. We trust science enough to help us maintain good physical conditions. Many of us rely on religion to maintain healthy morals and inner peace. I am a firm believer in not questioning faith. There are endless possibilities to what might have started human existence. Our culture is based on creation, we learn and understand the values that are embedded in our society. If the Lord had not created the commandments, our life as we know it, we would be surrounded by evil. Faith is the trust in something that we cannot physically see or prove. Faith and spirituality are found in the in the heart of the individuals experience.It is upon the believer t o identify their faith. Spiritual people cannot share their faith with others; it comes from with in. In this paper, it has been hard for me to prove faith because you can’t. If we could prove faith, I wouldn’t be writing this paper. However, I have faith because of something that happened to me a few years ago. I had been an atheist all my life. I had always questioned whether there was or wasn’t a God. There was a time in my life, when I hit rock bottom. I couldn’t deal with anything or make sense of I was here on earth. My life didn’t have much meaning. I had never prayed before this night, I had never had enough faith to pray. Finally, my life was in shambles and everything I tried to do to improve it failed. One night I decided to pray for inner peace and guidance through these rough times I was having. As I started to drift off into sleep, I could hear very faint singing in the background. I remember seeing a white swirling cloud, complimented with the beautiful singing in the background. I can remember thinking to myself, either I am going to die or this a sign from God. The next day, I felt better than I had ever felt. I felt strong and had a desire to improve myself. I will never again question the power of the Supreme Being. I have been filled inner peace, that science could never replace. .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 , .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .postImageUrl , .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 , .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:hover , .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:visited , .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:active { border:0!important; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:active , .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3 .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57d875c77f37573a1905a44a933ef1d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Bull the art of a traveling man EssayBibliography:Works Cited Bennett, J (1998). Neuroscience and the human spirit. National Review, V50 pg32 (1). Coyne, P (1993).God on our side. New Statesman Society, V6 pg42 (2). Cauthen, K (1997). A doctrine of God. University Press of America, Pg77-107. Johnson. P (1998). Overestimating the power of science. Commonwealth, v125 pg15. Polkingborne, J (1994). Alone is never enough: seeing the world through both eyes. Omni, v17 pg4. Raymo, C (1994). Science vs. religion. Commonwealth, v121 pg11.

A Time To Kill Essays - A Time To Kill, Clanton, John Grisham

A Time To Kill Essays - A Time To Kill, Clanton, John Grisham A Time To Kill A summary: Two white men, Billy Ray Lobb and Pete Williard rape the 10-year-old black girl Tonga. Everybody in the town is upset with the incident and the two men are found quickly and brought into jail. At the bail hearing Tongas father, Carl Lee Hailey, shoots the two rapists and now the town is split into two sides. One side understands Carl because a lot of fathers would have done the same thing in his situation. But the other side that contained most of the town people want him to be punished in the gas chamber. Jake Brigance becomes Hailes lawyer and realizes how complicated it is to deal with such a famous client. He has ti fight against the District Attorney who wants to use this trail to get famous. The case gets national attention and a lot of different organizations (Like the K.K.K) get involved. After a long trial, Carl Lee gets free, and everybody goes back to normal life in Clanton, Mississippi. A review for a paper: Time to Kill, one of the best known novels of the last 15 years, is a courtroom drama by John Grisham, set in a small town in southern Mississippi. Jake Brigance, a young, white lawyer is hired by a murderer of two rapists who raped his daughter. Sound complicated? It is- the murderer is black and the rapists are (or were) white. Jake Brigance is given the impossible task of proving that Carl Lee Hailey, the black murderer, is innocent. Impossible, because of a mostly white county, because of the Ku Klux Klan which lives again in Clanton, because of a win-at-all costs prosecutor, because of the racism and hypocrisy of the Mississippi citizens and judicial system. This book illustrates how no matter how much the world tries to say they celebrate their diversity or look past the differences, you have to look no farther than a small Mississippi town to see how untrue this is.

Leprechauns Dont Play Basketball Essays - Irish Folklore, Fairies

Leprechauns Don't Play Basketball Essays - Irish Folklore, Fairies Leprechauns Don't Play Basketball January 6, 2000 Leprechauns Don't Play Basketball Debbie Dadey & Marcia Thornton Jones Letter #4 Dear Mrs. Schafer: The book Leprechauns Don't Play Basketball, is very good. It is about four kids that are trying to find out if their teacher is really a vampier and if their P.E. sub is really a leprechaun. Howies grandma is from Ireland, so he thought she would know a little about leprechauns. They find out that leprechauns can only be away for three days. Also, that the leprechauns stole a brooch from the vampier and then the vampier got it back, so now the leprechauns are trying to get the green brooch. Their teacher Mrs. Jeepers is the vampier who stole the green brooch and is wearing it around her neck, and Mr. O'Grady the P.E. sub is trying to get it. Finally, at the end he doesn't get it and leaves and he says that the school is not big enough for a leprechaun and a vampier. My reaction to this book was, I really thought it was good. I loved this book because it was easy to read and understand. I would recommend this book to people who like short books. My favorite part was when Howie and them were talking to his grandma. The author did not use any writting styles. My favorite character was Eddie. I liked the way he played all of his practical jokes. I think I would of reacted to the conflict the same, because I would of helped my homeroom teacher before my P.E. teacher.

Content Calendar for Breath Mat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Content Calendar for Breath Mat - Assignment Example Make the content of the product pages more detailed with information about features and unique quality of the product including the advantages. Ensure the product appears in many different images, allowing the customer to easily view every aspect of the product satisfactorily. Update constantly the site’s content. Create a simple to understand, but detailed information about shopping, returns, shipping, etc. Also includes the use of sounds on videos on the site and create content that builds more trust in the company in terms of helping the customer. Ensure that the images can be viewed from different angles with minimal clicks as possible to enhance the efficiency of the website.[Appendix 1-3] Improved the web-site’s layout and design by making it more appealing and friendly by using impressionable colors such as cream and light blue. Layout the website in a very organized manner such that user’s don’t have to necessarily use the search function to look up anything-though it allows users to look up anything.[Appendix 2-2] Create a simple to use website allowing customers to easily interact and locate the right page or the site of interest. In addition, have an optimal search function for complex searches. Also creating simple headings Use product differentiators such as colors and headings for better emphasis thus consolidating the brand image and the company’s uniqueness, Organize fonts and sub-titles in a simple yet elegant manner by employing bright and impressive color scheme e.g. maroon tiles with black. Breath mat is a product that allows yogis to focus on their practice without having to suffer the distractions of sticky mat and towel. Because the Breath mat for Bikram yoga offers the solution to sticky mats and towels that can’t adequately absorb sweat and pool liquid on the floor beside bunching-up during postures and be uncomfortable to lie on.

Music Contracts & Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music Contracts & Negotiations - Essay Example cessful negotiating process might look like, what the best negotiation techniques might be and how to achieve satisfactory results for both sides of negotiation when interests of negotiating parties come into contradiction with each other. In this essay I will focus on two key types of negotiation, such as so-called win-lose or zero-sum negotiation (also known as positional or distributive) and win-win or integrative negotiation, as well as the importance of confidence and good communication skills to successful negotiation. I am going to elaborate on pros and cons of the employment of integrative and distributive types of negotiation and dwell on the concept of issues, positions and interests within the context of negotiation in the field of music industry. On top of that, I will invent a scenario of negotiation between a music act and a record label in order to illustrate some aspects of negotiation and communication theories covered in this essay. When entering any negotiation, in order to achieve desirable goals a negotiating party must stick to some rules based on a certain negotiation structure, which is not that complex as one think a successful negotiating paradigm might be. There are four key stages of negotiation, which are preparation for a negotiation, exchanging information between negotiators on different aspects of the future agreement between them, bargaining per say and closing or commitment of an agreement (Shell, 2008, n. p.). Any negotiation may be of at least two types depending upon the intentions of negotiators to fully use their advantage in resources and power in order to influence final decision or upon a particular nature of the deal to be reached between the parties of a negotiation. As a rule, if negotiating parties are not interested in mutual satisfaction for each and every party involved in the negotiation and do not seek out benefit for all parties from the deal they are set to make, then they ar e most likely to enter distributive

Grass Silage Quality In Malaysia

Grass Silage Quality In Malaysia There were different management systems been practiced in the livestock industry in Malaysia. The intensive system was widely practiced, particularly in the pig and poultry sector and as for the ruminant industry; it varies from extensive to intensive system. The majority of feedstuffs used in rations for pig and poultry were imported (Anon, 2002), although to some extent locally produced ingredients were also included in the ration. The imported ingredients range from cereal grains, vegetable and animal proteins such as soybean meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal and meat and bone meal, mineral sources and various micro-ingredients like vitamins, minerals and other additives used to improve feed efficiency and growth. Maize and soybean meal were the major imported ingredients. Locally available raw materials make up about 30 percent of the total feed ingredients in Malaysia (Anon, 2002). However, the use of locally produced ingredient depends on supply, cost and also quality. The locally produced ingredients were tapioca and fishmeal. However, the amount produced was not sufficient to meet the requirements of the local feed industry (Anon, 2002). The milling factories and the by-products of oil extraction that produce soybean meal, wheat bran, pollard, and rice bran were always available and usually included in poultry and pigs feed. The ruminant industry depends primarily on locally available feedstuffs, for example palm kernel cake, oil palm frond, palm oil sludge, and soy waste, with only some supplementation provided by imported ingredients. The major  local materials used were crop residues and other agro-industrial by-products such as rice bran, copra cake, palm kernel cake, oil palm frond, sago, tapioca and broken rice (Anon, 2002). 2.2 Source of Fodder and Forages for Ruminants 2.2.1 Oil palm frond (OPF) Oil palm was one of the commercial plantation crops other than rubber, oil palm, cocoa and pineapple in Malaysia. Since the 1970s, Malaysia had been the largest producer and exporter of palm oil products in the world. Oil palm produces the most abundant biomass with oil palm fronds have been shown to be a very promising source of roughage for ruminants. The average crude protein value of OPF was about 7% (Asada et al., 1991; Wong and Zahari, 1992; Dahlan, 1992a). However, the average crude protein (CP) composition of 11.0% in the leaflets suggests its potential value for livestock feeding as its CP contents was far above the critical 6.25% CP level required to maintain normal intake by ruminants (Playne, 1972). OPF leaflets had a higher CP value and crude fat content than petiols (Oshio et al., 1990). However, Akmar et al. (1996) reported that OPF contained a considerable amount of lignin and silica which could reduce its nutritive value when fed to ruminants. Cellulose levels were usually lower than hemicellulose in both petioles and leaflets. Although OPF was available throughout the year, it must be collected and pilled up and also used readily or even chopped immediately within two days after pruning. Collection of OPF incurs high costs in which accounted the costs of pelleting and transport. OPF tends to become mouldy during storage due to high water contents of more than 55% (Dahlan, 2000). In order to prevent mould, drying was essential in which also incurred high processing costs. In addition, OPF contains very low protein (5.0-7.0%) and OPF becomes mouldy if not processed (Dahlan, 2000). Mouldy feedstuffs may contain fungal toxicins and were less palatable and have low nutritive value. Low protein content and unbalanced mineral content resulted in low digestibility and low absorption or availability of nutrients for maintenance and production (Dahlan, 2000). Consideration also have to be given to the high silica content in OPF and the slow rate of fermentation of fibre, which reduce VFA and the role of end products of fibre digestion in relation to the over all efficiency of energy utilization. These limitations can be overcome by physical or mechanical processing such as immediate chopping, grinding and drying, pre-digestion of fibre through chemical and biological treatment and stimulation of rumen microbes by supplementation with energy and protein rich ingredients or with urea and molasses and supplementation with essential minerals like Ca, P and S to balance up the nutrient content of OPF (Dahlan, 2000). 2.2.2 Rice Straw as a Feed for Ruminants Traditionally, rice straw was fed during the periods of feed shortage, but the nutrients for maintenance does not provided adequately. Studies had been shown that buffaloes (Wanapat et al., 1984; Wongsrikeao and Wanapat, 1985), cattle (McLennan et al., 1981; Wanapat et al., 1982, 1984; Suriyajantratong and Wilaipon, 1985) and sheep (Vijchulata and Sanpote, 1982) that were with fed straw alone lose body weight. The straw was usually fed in the long form, but in some parts of Asia, notably India, it may be chopped for limiting selection and wastage of the feeds given (Doyle et al., 1986). There were times in which the amount of straw collected and stored does not enable farmers to feed their animals ad libitum. In these feeding systems, salt was sometimes provided, but other mineral supplements were not given. Other forages offered with rice straw to stall-fed ruminants were practiced by many Asian farmers. The quantitative information about how much of these forages were fed and how frequently they were given was of little information. The most common feeds available with rice straw were the roadside native grasses, while other important forages were cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora) (Doyle et al., 1986). Also in specific areas forages from many other trees, crops and water weeds, including acacia (Acacia arabica), banana (Musa spp.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), were utilized (Doyle et al., 1986). 2.3 Grass Production in Malaysia Over the last 20 years, the pasture research team in Malaysian Agriculture Research Development Institute (MARDI) had introduced several hundreds of improved tropical pasture accessions, and promising species and genera have been identified (Wong et al. l982, Wong and Mohd Najib, 1988). The Digitaria genus, Brachiaria humidicola and B. dictyoneura were adapted to the bris soils; B. humidicola and Tripsacum andersonii (Guatemala grass) were important on acid sulphate soil and in areas with a high water table; while on peat, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was outstanding. Other promising grasses including Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) were able to perform in any of the sedentary and alluvial soils and in all agroclimatic zones. In the highlands, Napier, Guinea, Signal, Guatemala and Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and Nandi setaria (Setaria sphacelata cv Nandi) had good production records. They had shown vigorous growth and seed sett ing. In the mid 1970s, improved pastures were established as part of the establishment of eight commercial ranch operations (9,682 ha); six farms in Peninsular Malaysia, and one each in Sabah and Sarawak, developed by the National Livestock Authority (Majuternak), with the aim of increasing commercial livestock production (Wong and Chen, 1998). Current total areas of ranch pastures were approximately 25,000 ha in Peninsular Malaysia, 5,000 ha in Sabah and 20,000 ha in Sarawak (Wong and Chen, 1998). These pastures faced some problems of persistence (Chen, 1985) in which they were mainly correlated with the requirement of improvement of the poor tropical soils. The soils had high saturation of aluminium (60-80%) and low soil pH 4.0-5.5 (Wong and Chen, 1998). Break-even on the investment for ranching of animals on tropical pastures in Malaysias circumstances takes about 10-12 years due to the intense initial capital input and high interest rate of bank loans (Clayton, 1983). Unfavourable cli mate in Malaysia is also a problem that hinders the development of tropical pastures for seed production in the poor seed setting of most of the promising pasture species (Wong and Chen, 1998). However, there were a few had been identified for small scale production of seed for local needs and such species were the Ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) and Guinea grass (Wong and Chen, 1998). 2.4 Napier Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum ) Napier grass or scientifically called as Pennisetum purpureum was a species of grass native to the tropical grasslands of Africa. It was a tall perennial plant that may reach a height of six meter, with razor-sharp leaves 30-90 cm long and up to three centimetre broad (Duke, 1983) and producing 15 tillers at maturity. Its natural habitat was in riverbed areas, and able to grow up to 10 m high (Eilittà ¤ et al., 2004) but it was also a drought-tolerant (Bassam, 2010) and where it grew well in drier areas with a drier periods not more than four months. It had a very high productivity, both as a high protein forage grass for livestock and as a biofuel crop which might be 50-55 t/ha/year DM (Bassam, 2010). It can be grown along with fodder trees along field boundaries or along contour lines or terrace risers to help control erosion. It can be intercropped with crops such as legumes and fodder trees, or as a pure stand. The advantage of Napier grass was that it propagates easily. This fo dder is very important for smallholder farm (Goldson, 1977) which greatly contributed to dairy cattle feeding in Kenya and CP content of 7.6% produced by 10-40t ha-1 DM (Wouters, 1987). In the highlands, napier, guinea, signal, Guatemala and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and Nandi setaria (Setaria sphacelata cv Nandi) were the promising forages with good production record. Napier grass was best suited to high rainfall areas, but as drought-tolerant grass it can also grow well in drier areas in which are suitable for Malaysias climate. Napier grass can propagates easily and has high growth and yield potentials. Its soft stem makes it easy to cut, the young leaves and stems are tender which makes very palatable for livestock, and the Napier grass is suitable for feeding ruminant as cut and carry system. 2.4.1 Production, characterization, and nutritional quality of Napier grass The general fodder grass species used in the S.E. Asian region was mainly the tall-growing types such as Pennisetum purpureum (Napier or Elephant grass), Panicum maximum (Guinea) and Tripsacum laxum (Guatemala grass). Napier had a yield record of up to 84800 kg DM/year when fertilized with 897 kg N/ha per year and cut practices were done every 90 days with annual rainfall of 2000 mm (Vicente-Chandler et al., 1959). The highest yielding fodder and most promising fodder was Napier grass (Anindo Potter, 1994) which had a dry matter yields surpassing many of tropical grasses (Humphreys, 1994; Skerman Riveros, 1990). Napier grass had tender, young leaves and stems, which was very palatable for livestock and grew very fast. The young and immature Napier grass was highly digestible but as maturity increased, yield also increased, but quality decreased. The digestibility increased as lignifications of the plant material increased with grass height and maturity. Attempts have been made to make hay out of Napier grass (Brown Chavulimu, 1985; Manyuchi et al., 1996) but the succulent stems limit the rate of drying (Snijders et al., 1992a) and with excess drying the stems may become hard and brittle and less palatable to livestock. The cell wall, composed primarily of the structural carbohydrates cellulose and hemicellulose, was the most important factor affecting forage utilization (Van Soest, 1994) as it comprises the major fraction of forage DM and its extent of degradation by the microflora had important implications on forage digestibility and intake (Paterson et al., 1994). The structural polysaccharides composed primarily of cellulose and hemicelluloses were primary restrictive determinants of nutrient intake. The digestibility of forage in the rumen was related to the proportion and extent of lignification (Van Soest, 1994). Chemical composition and digestible DM may be poor indicators of the nutritive value of Napier grass because it d oes not provide the profile of absorbed nutrients. 2.4.2 Effect of cutting interval on nutritive value of grass During the wet season, the tropical forage species grow very fast, with forage yields often exceeding animal requirements. If not cut and fed, it will continue to grow, producing very long and fibrous material, low in energy and protein (Moran, 1945). If this forage was harvested and successfully stored as silage at the same stage as it is cut for producing milk, then it could be fed back during the following dry season. Although the quality of the forage will be slightly lower than its fresh state (10-15% lower in good ensiling conditions), it will still be better quality than many of the forages only available for dry season feeding. Conversely, in some locations, the silage can supplement other good quality but very slow-growing forages. Forage harvested for silage should be at the same age of maturity (its optimum), as if feeding fresh (Moran, 1945). Napier grass should be harvested following 30 to 40 days re-growth in the wet season, at about 75 to 150 cm in height, or optimum quality and for ease of transporting to livestock in smallholdings. At this stage, the Napier grass will have about two to three nodes showing on the stem. The Napier grass was harvested every 45 days during the wet season and contained 12% dry matter (DM), 7.5% crude protein (CP) and 62.2% NDF (Moran, 1945). 2.5 Grass Silage The usage of silage was very essential in ruminant nutrition (Akyildiz, 1986). Silage, which produced by ensiling method, enables feed conservation in tropical countries such as Malaysia. Grass silage was extremely variable in terms of feeding value and preservation quality. OMara et al., (1998) indicated that supplementing grass silage with other forages improves dairy cow performance. Feed sources such as molasses, cereal grains and salt are usually added to silage for ensiling practices and to increase those forges in respect of increasing microbial fermentation and eliminating microbial toxins (Akyildiz, 1986; Jacobs et al., 1995; Kaya et al., 2009). There are four identifiable roles played by ensilaging the roughage (Cowan, 1999). Primarily, these were to build up reserve of feeds for utilisation during periods of feed deficiency; to have regular supply of feed to increase productivity of animals; to utilise surplus fodder for better management and utilisation and lastly to conserve for use during feed scarcity and additional demand for feed (Cowan, 1999). Silage was also routinely fed to increased productivity of beef and dairy cattle by providing nutrients necessary to nutritionally balance existing diets. Silage usages were pictured to increase in the S.E. Asian region. There were several reasons for this optimism. Stable supply of forage throughout the year was recognised as the key constraint for further development in cattle production in northeast Thailand (Shinoda et al., 1999), and this was generally true for other developing parts of the region. It had been noted that the economic boom of the 1980s and early 1990s have changed the dairy livestock perspective of S. E. Asian farmers and they have become more progressive and farms move from being subsistence to commercialised units (Wong, 1999). Silage making was less dependent on weather especially in areas where the cutting practice of the forage was constrained by the seasonal condition. Usually, there were five steps involves in silage making, harvest forage or collect material; materials transport to the silo; filling of silo; packing and compacting the materials for the exclusion of air to favour anaerobic fermentation; and sealing of silo. The types of silo for ensilaging process and for storing silage were horizontal silo, small vertical cylindrical silos, plastic bags, plastic drums and plastic film wrapping of baled fodder (Chin and Idris 1999). There were also some additional steps in order to make good silage, wilting to reduce moisture (many of silage making in Malaysia do not involve wilting); chopping for easy compaction; use of additives to increase soluble charbohydrate and protein; and use of enzymes to aid fermentation. The main usage of silage is for fodder conservation and to make feed available during t he scarcity of feed supply (Mohd Najib et al. 1993). 2.5.1 Evaluation of Silage Quality Organoleptic criteria were used to assess the silage quality, which employed silage colour, smell and texture. They were practical and do not required references of a laboratory. However, evaluation made using these criteria was subjective and proned to misinterpretation due to a trend toward the use of the larger rather than a smaller number of silage quality categories which results in differences of opinion (Woolford, 1984). Chemical assessments of the principal fermentation products give a straightforward basis to assess the quality of silage. Flieg (1938; 1952), suggests that silage quality was better evaluated according to the relative amounts of lactic, acetic and butyric acids in silage: The higher the proportions of lactic and acetic acids to butyric acid, the higher the score and the better the quality. Carpintero et al. (1969) established a good positive correlation between pH value and ammonia expressed as g kg-1 of the total nitrogen in direct cut-grass and clover silages. According to his study, it was considered critical for the anaerobic stability of silage and the ammonia content would be 111 g kg-1 of the total nitrogen at pH 4.2. Langson et al. (1960) proposed that the classification of grass silage as good, intermediate or poor was according to the levels of pH, lactic acid, ammonia, butyric acid and spore count. The pH level, dry matter (DM) and nutrient contents of grass silage were varies; depending on the kind, vegetation period and additives given (Haigh et al., 1985; More et al., 1986; Rinnie et al., 2002; Cone et al., 1999; Baytol and Muruz, 2003). A study done by Moore et al. (1986), using three different silage sampled of mixed grasses, the DM contents were 34.3, 29.9 and 38.8% respectively, crude protein (CP) contents were 8.12, 9.37, 11.87% respectively and the pH level was 4.6, 4.6, and 4.4 respectively. Another study was done from silage samples made of grass from late vegetation period the CP content and the pH level were 11.3% and 4.10, respectively. Numerous investigators have stressed the importance in the ensiling process of the percentage of dry matter in the green crop. Wilson and Webb (1937) recognized the importance of the sugar content of plants for making silage, and reported values for a number of different species. Some values for sugar have been reported by Archibald (1953), but they were for chopped green crops with added preservatives. Watson and Ferguson (1937) and Allen et al. (1937) have compared composition and digestibility of the green crop and the resulting silage. Peterson et al. (1935) made a study of dry matter, the several forms of nitrogen, and carotene contents in the crop and in the silage. Earlier studies have shown the criteria which indicated the quality (good or poor) in grass silage from the standpoint of organoleptic and laboratory tests were: pH, and content of volatile bases, butyric acid, and lactic acid (Archibald et al., 1954). High values for lactic acid indicate good quality silage; high values for the other three criteria were an indication of poor quality silage, as odour, texture and dry matter losses was concerned. Values for these have been statistically correlated with the following constituents in the green, un-ensiled crop: water, protein, fiber, N-free extract, and total sugar. Effluent flowing out of the storage for no longer than 2 to 4 weeks was an indicative that the silage was slowly deteriorating due to entry of air (Moran, 1945). Wilted silage produced little or no effluent unless the stack was poorly sealed. Un-wilted silage will produce some effluent, which may leak out of drums and stacks into the soil. Only small amount of silage effluent will leaked from well-sealed drums and plastic bags, and may even leak slowly from upturned drums. It was important not to remove drum lids, untie bag tops or hole their bottoms to let moisture out, or to see how they are going. This will allow far too much air to enter, leading to very poorly fermented silages, and even just compost. Characteristics of silages that had undergone an unsatisfactory fermentation: had a strong, pungent, very unpleasant smell; had a strong ammonia smell; contained excess moisture when squeezed or continually oozes from the base; mouldy or slimy; had undergone much deterioration (>20% DM loss); slightly damp and dark brown; the plastic sheet or lid has not stopped air entry for many days (Moran, 1945). Chemical composition of the raw material had a dominating influence on the fermentation in conventional silage. In the forage crops, chemical composition were influenced by the weather, growth conditions, the level of fertilizer applied, and the maturity of the material at harvest (Woolford, 1984). These factors in turn influence those components of prime importance to fermentation such as fermentable substrate together with organic acids and their salts. Weather could have a significant effect on silage fermentation by its effect on water soluble carbohydrates in grass (Stirling, 1954). The sugar content of a crop harvested in the early morning after several days of dull wet weather with no sunshine was low compared with similar material cut from the same plot one week earlier following brighter weather. Temperature and light intensity were more important influences on sugar content of a crop than its maturity (Wieringa, 1961). 2.5.2 Improving the Quality of Silage Ensiling generally produces better quality roughage than hay because less time is required to wilt the feed, when the forage loses nutrients, causing a reduction in feed quality. The principles of silage making were the same regardless of size of operation, the major difference being in the type of storage used (Mickan, 2003). Unfortunately tropical forages and legumes were not well suited to ensiling due to their inherent low concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates, compared to temperate species (Moran, 1945). However, rapidly wilting the forage or adding a fermentable substrate, such as molasses before ensiling, will usually result in well-fermented silages. Tropical species were difficult to ensile because of their high buffering ability i.e. their resistance to changes in pH. To enable them to undergo a more satisfactory fermentation, two techniques were available to small holders; wilting the forage prior to ensiling and adding a fermentable substrate at ensiling (Moran, 1945). Napier grass will be about 12-15% DM at harvest and should, if possible, be wilted to at least 30% DM. when harvested in the morning, wilting may only require the heat of the afternoon of that day, but when cut later in the day or on cloudy days, it may need wilting till midday of the following day. The layer of the material to be wilted should be no thicker than 10cm and should be turned over two to three times to encourage wilting. If too thick, the forage will heat and begin to decompose and encourage the wrong types of bacteria to grow. Forage quality and dry matter will be lost. Since leaves dry more quickly than stems, smashing or conditioning the nodes on the stems and the stems themselves will increase the wilting rate. If the fresh forage cannot be wilted, the fermentation of the silage will be improved by mixing the chopped material with 3% to 5% molasses (on a fresh weight basis) just prior to ensiling. Adding water to the molasses is not recommended as the forage is already too moist and extra water will just reduce the fermentation quality. Rather than mixing it thoroughly, the molasses can be spread as layers in the forage, say every 10 to 15 cm. where the molasses was applied, the silage ferments better and was sweeter smelling, but the overall silage quality was still good. Other suitable fermentable substrates include rice bran or formulated concentrates (mixed at 10%) in layers with molasses (5%) poured on top of the rice bran. We found the silage surrounding the rice bran was drier and more acidic (pH 4.1) compared to silage with no additive (Moran, 1945). The shorter the chop length, the better the compaction, hence less air was trapped in the forage, resulting in better silage quality. Chopped lengths should be from 1 to 3 cm. if chopped lengths were longer, additional molasses (5-6% on a fresh forage basis) may improve the fermentation. However, the stems should be chopped to small lengths because they were harder to compact. Leaves can be left at 3 to 8 cm length. Where the forage had become too long but was still in the vegetative state, only chop and ensile the leaves and the top end of the stems to produce higher quality silage. Regardless of the system of the silage storage, the forage must be compacted as densely as possible, so compact it until it was difficult to insert your finger into the stack. The shorter the material was chopped, the more dense it can be packed and the less air that will be trapped inside the stack. The entire silage storage should be filled and sealed in one day, and at a maximum, two days. Silages in well-sealed storages that prevent the entry of air or water will maintain their quality for much longer than will silage in poorly sealed storage. 2.5.3 The Effects of Certain Additives on the Grass Silage Quality The main concern with the ensilage of tropical forages was the low dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content. Wilting can overcome this problem but it may not be preferred or always possible during adverse climatic conditions. Suitable additives become an alternative to wilting. Even where wilting was carried out, additives were recommended to improve the fermentation and nutritive value of conventional as well as round bale silages (Bates et al. 1989; Staples 1995). The additives were used to improved silage preservation by ensuring that lactic acid bacteria dominate the fermentation phase in the ensiling process (Titterton and Bareeba, 1999) and they were divided into three general categories; the fermentation stimulants, e.g. bacterial inoculants and enzymes; fermentation inhibitors such as propionic, formic and sulphuric acids; and substrate or nutrient source, such as maize grains, molasses, urea or anhydrous ammonia (Woolford 1984; Henderson, 1993; Bolsen et al. 1995). The use of molasses was not only improves the energy content of silage but also ensures low pH and prevents proteolysis (Rasool et al. 1999). Four percent molasses added to the ensiled material generally improved silage quality derived from grasses in terms of increased lactic acid content (Aminah et al. 1999). Molasses, ground maize and palm kernel cake have been utilised locally as additives. Ensiled poultry litter was successfully included in the feed of ruminants as a protein supplement (Kayouli and Lee 1999) and, locally, poultry litter had been ensiled together with pineapple waste. However, the inclusion of additives, although encouraged, was not often carried out due to additional costs and the availability problem. It should be noted that silages have been successfully produced with neither wilting nor use of additives. Maize and forage sorghum crops were made into excellent silage and S. sphacelata var. splendida and P. purpureum were converted into acceptable silage without additives (Aminah et al. 1999). Inoculation. Since most forage crops intended for the silo are well seeded with lactic acid organisms, it is not to be expected that lactic acid cultures applied to forage to be ensiled will be of very much benefit. This with certain exceptions has been the finding abroad (6) and what similar work has been done in this country has been relatively ineffective. Inoculation of forage in the silo seems particularly absurd when the inoculum is tobe applied, as is the case with one commercial product, on layers of silage at the 1-filled level, the 2-filled level, the 3-filled level, and at the top of the filled silo. Whey. Soured cheese factory whey is an inoculum which at the same time has a certain amount of lactose for further fermentation. But since several hundred pounds of whey are required to supply the necessary sugar for proper acidity, to avoid excessive amounts of moisture the forage will in most cases need to wilt for several hours in the sun before ensiling. Condensed soured whey is a more logical preservative, as also is powdered whey. The cost of the latter two products and the bother of a very thin liquid, like ordinary whey, may not make whey in its svarious forms very attractive. 2.6 Production and Characterization of EM Professor Dr Teruo Higa developed the technology of EM in the 1970s at the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. The first solutions contained over 80 species from 10 genera isolated from Okinawa and other environments in Japan. With time, the technology was refined to include only the four important species cited earlier, namely Lactic Acid Bacteria, Photosynthetic Bacteria, Actinomyces and Yeast. Lactic acid bacteria: produces lactic acid from sugars. Food and drinks such as yogurt and pickles have been made by using lactic acid bacteria. However, lactic acid is a strong sterilizer. It suppresses harmful microorganisms and increases rapid decomposition of organic matter. Moreover Lactic acid bacteria enhances the breakdown of organic matter such as lignin and cellulose, and ferment these materials which normally take plenty of time. Lactic acid bacteria have the ability to suppress Fusarium propagation which is a harmful microorganism that causes disease problem in continuous cropping. Under Fusarium conditions promotes the increase of harmful nematodes. The occurrence of nematodes disappears gradually, as lactic acid bacteria suppress the propagation and function of Fusarium. Yeasts: synthesize antimicrobial and useful substances for plant growth from amino acids and sugars secreted by photosynthetic bacteria, organic matter and plant roots. Bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes produced by yeasts promote active cell and root division. Their secretions are useful substrates for eff ective microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes: are the structure of which is intermediate to that of bacteria and fungi, produces antimicrobial substances from amino acids secreted by photosynthetic bacteria and organic matter. These antimicrobial substances suppress harmful fungi and bacteria. Actinomycetes can coexist with photosynthetic bacteria. Thus, both species enhance the quality of the soil environment, by increasing the antimicrobial activity of the soil. EMAS ® (EM Activated Solution) is a fermented product derived from EM-1 ® product mixed with sugarcane molasses and water. EM-1 ® is made up from three groups of bacteria: Photosynthetic bacteria, Lactic Acid bacteria, and yeast. EM-1 ® when mixed with molasses and then non-chlorinated water mixed with the later mixture and then the solution is fermented for seven days and produced as a product called EMAS ®. EMAS ® have the special ability to preserve, restore and revive and it is expected to have a better. 2.6.1 Effective Microorganisms (EM) as Silage Additives The effects of the use of EM-silage in corn silage are less prominent than as to the use in grass silage (Wikselaar, 2000). However, in general the same trends at the use of EM-silage in grass and corn silage are percept